MODERN
HISTORY OF INDIA LECTURE 4
ANGLO
MARATHA WARS
Modern History of India for UPSC and other competitive
Examination. Today we are going to share the lecture Number 4 related to the
Indian History for UPSC EXAM. We have already shared 3 lectures related to this
Modern History of India.
Those who had missed our those lectures can click on
the following link to access: “ Modern History of India Class 1 to 3”.
In this Indian History class, the tutor is
going to explain about the Anglo Maratha wars. For detailed information watch
the video carefully. The tutor is going to discuss first Anglo Maratha war then
second Anglo Maratha war and at the last, he will discuss the third Anglo
Maratha war. This part of modern history is very important and approximately 1-3
questions is being asked from this part.
After the video tutorial, we have shared a text
file in a summary form about the Anglo Maratha Wars lecture. After watching
this Indian history tutorial you can note down the important points from the
given article below.
Watch Video Calls on Anglo Maratha
Wars
v Maratha Empire was a power that
dominated a large portion of the Indian subcontinent in the 18th
century. The empire came into existence from 1674 with the coronation
of Shivaji as the Chhatrapati and ended in 1818 with the defeat
of Peshwa Bajirao II by the hands of British East India
Company. The Marathas are credited for ending the Mughal rule in
India.
v
Background….
•
The 3rd Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao died
in 1761 due to shock after his defeat at the Third Battle of Panipat.
•
His son Madhavrao succeeded him. He was able
to recover some of the Maratha power and territories which they had lost in the
Battle of Panipat.
•
When Madhavrao died in 1772, there was a
tussle for power in the Maratha camp.
•
Madhavrao Peshwa gave semi-autonomy to
the strongest of the knights to effectively manage the large empire.
ü Peshwas Pune
ü Gaekwads Baroda
ü Holkars
Indore
ü Scindias Gwalior
ü Bhonsales Nagpur
FIRST
ANGLO MARATHA WAR (1775-1782)
v COURSE OF THE WAR
•
As Narayanrao became the Peshwa but his uncle
Raghunath Rao wanted to become the Peshwa.
•
For this, Raghunath Rao he sought the help of
the English.
•
Treaty of Surat was signed in 1775 according
to which Raghunathrao ceded Salsette and Bassein to the English and in return, he was given 2500 soldiers.
•
The British and army of Raghunathrao attacked
the Peshwa and they won.
•
Under Warren Hastings, The British Calcutta
Council annulled this treaty and a new treaty, named the Treaty of Purandhar
was signed in 1776 between the Calcutta Council and Nana Phadnavis, a Maratha
minister.
•
According to this, Raghunathrao was given a
pension only and Salsette was retained by the British.
•
But the British establishment at Bombay
violated this treaty and they sheltered Raghunathrao.
•
In 1777, Nana Phadnavis granted a port on the
west coast to the French.
•
This action led the British to advance a force
towards Pune. There was a Battle fought at Wadgaon near Pune in which the
Marathas under Mahadji Shinde secured victory over the English.
•
Later The English were forced to sign the
Treaty of Wadgaon in 1779.
•
Later Series of battles were fought, and at
the end Treaty of Salbai was signed in 1782. This ended first Anglo-Maratha
war.
v RESULT OF THE WAR
•
The English accepted Madhavrao Narayan II (son
of Narayanrao) as the new Peshwa.
•
All territories by the British after the
Treaty of Purandhar was ceded back to the Marathas.
SECOND
ANGLO – MARATHA WAR (1803-1805)
• In
1802 in the Battle of Poona, Yashwantrao Holkar, (chief Holkars) defeated the
Peshwas and the Scindias.
• Baji
Rao II sought British protection and signed the Treaty
of Bassein with them.
• As
per the treaty, he ceded territory to the British and agreed to the maintenance
of British troops there.
• But
The Scindias Bhonsles & Holkars did
not accept this.
v RESULT OF THE WAR
- All
the Maratha forces were defeated by the British.
- The
Scindias signed the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon
in 1803 though Britishers acquired the territories of Ganga-Yamuna Doab,
Delhi Agra region.
- The
Bhonsles signed the Treaty of Deogaon in 1803
- The
Holkars signed the Treaty of Rajghat in 1805 through Britishers also acquired Tonk, Bundi, and Rampura.
- Large
parts of central India came under British control after the Second
Anglo-Maratha War.
THIRD
ANGLO – MARATHA WAR (1775-1782)
v COURSE OF THE WAR
•
After the 2nd Anglo-Maratha
war, the Marathas made one last attempt to rebuild their old prestige.
•
The main reason for this war
was the British conflict with the Pindaris.
•
The Maratha chiefs Peshwa
Bajirao II, Malharrao Holkar and Mudhoji II Bhonsle made a united front against
the English.
v RESULT OF THE WAR
• The
Treaty of Mandasor was signed between the British and the Holkar in 1818.
• The
Peshwa then surrendered in 1818. Peshwa was dethroned and pensioned off to a
small estate in Bithur (near Kanpur).
• This
war also led to the end of the Maratha Empire.
ECONOMIC
POLICIES & LAND REVENUE SYSTEM
• Demand
for British goods in India was almost negligible.
• Under
the Mercantilism policy; British Government prohibited East India company
from exporting gold & silver from England to pay for Indian goods import.
• East
India company needs a lot of cash to maintain an army
& other issues.
q So what was the Solution???
Ø To
Start collecting revenue from India.
Ø Then
buy Indian raw material from India and Export it to England.
Ø Finally
Import finished goods back to India from England.
Ø As
the revenue system under Mughals and Native rulers was too complex for the
Britishers to understand. So Lord Cornwallis just ‘outsource’ the tax
collection work to Indian-middlemen: Zamindars, Jagirdar, Inamdars, Lambardar
etc.
DRAIN
OF WEALTH….
• Dadabhai Naoroji in his book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India brought
attention to the drain of India's wealth into Britain.
• Romesh
Chunder Dutt was a major economic historian of India of
the 19th century. Dutt’s thesis on de-industrialization of India remains
forceful argument in Indian historiography.
Permanent
Settlement
• Permanent settlement was initiated by Governor-General Lord Cornwallis.
• Initially
It was started only for a temporary period of 10 years in 1790, however, this
system was made permanent in 1793.
• It
was implemented in the provinces of Bengal, provinces of Bihar, provinces of Orissa,
Banaras of UP and North Karnataka.
• British
also designated Zamindars (local tax collectors), as owners of the land in
their district.
• Under
this system, the Zamindars got 1/9th
part while gave 8/9th to the government.
• Zamindar’s
right over land was
Alienable: British could take it away and give it to
another Zamindar, if first Zamindar did not meet the Revenue collection
‘targets’.
Rentable:
Zamindar himself could further outsource his work among smaller zamindars.
Heritable: If Zamindar
dies, his son/brother etc would get it.
Ryotwari
system
• Ryot
means peasant cultivators.
• This
Ryotwari system of land revenue was instituted in the late 18th century by Sir
Thomas Munro, Governor of Madras in 1820.
• Zamindar/feudal
lords already existed in Bihar, Bengal, since the times of Mughal
administration. But Madras, Bombay, Assam did not have Zamindars with large
estates.
• Under
the system The taxes were directly collected by the government from the
peasants.
• Taxes
were fixed in a temporary settlement for a period of thirty years and then
revised.
• As the government insisted on cash revenue, farmers resorted to growing cash crops
instead of food crops.
• These
cash crop needed more inputs and this leads to more loans and indebtedness.
Mahalwari
System
• Mahalwari
system was introduced in 1833.
• North-West
Frontier, Agra, Central Province, Gangetic Valley, Punjab areas selected for
this Mahalwari system.
• Under
this Revenue was collected by the village headman or village leaders
(lambardar).
• This
Mahalwari system divided the land into Mahal. A Mahal was constituted by one
or more villages.
• This
Mahalwari system was called the Modified Zamindari system because the village
headman became virtually a Zamindar.
q Consequences
• Under
this Land became a commodity.
• Due
to the very high taxes, farmers now started growing cash crops instead of food crops. This
led to food insecurity and even famines in many areas.
• Bonded
labour also arose due to this because loans were given to farmers/labourers who
could not pay it back.
• When
India get freedom from colonial rule, 7% of the villagers
(Zamindars/landowners) owned 75% of the agricultural land.
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